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Ultrasound can be modulated to carry an audio signal (like radio signals are modulated). This is often used to carry messages underwater, in underwater...

ISO 31-3 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to mechanics. It is superseded by...

An optical instrument is a device that processes light waves (or photons), either to enhance an image for viewing or to analyze and determine their characteristic...

Particle statistics is a particular description of multiple particles in statistical mechanics. A key prerequisite concept is that of a statistical ensemble...

The International Journal of Modern Physics is a series of Physics journals published by World Scientific. The International Journal of Modern Physics...

The franklin (Fr), statcoulomb (statC), or electrostatic unit of charge (esu) is the unit of measurement for electrical charge used in the centimetre–gram–second...

The ISTTOK Tokamak ("Instituto Superior Técnico TOKamak") is a research fusion reactor (tokamak) of the Instituto Superior Técnico. It has a circular cross-section...

In particle physics, supersymmetry breaking is the process to obtain a seemingly non-supersymmetric physics from a supersymmetric theory which is a necessary...

In science and engineering, a system is the part of the universe that is being studied, while the environment is the remainder of the universe that lies...

Working mass, also referred to as reaction mass, is a mass against which a system operates in order to produce acceleration. In the case of a chemical...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are used in quantum key distribution. The first protocol of that kind was BB84, introduced in 1984 by Charles...

Nondimensionalization is the partial or full removal of physical dimensions from an equation involving physical quantities by a suitable substitution of...

Out and back refers to the layout of a roller coaster. An out and back coaster is one that climbs a lift hill soon after leaving the station, races out...

In theoretical physics, a local reference frame (local frame) refers to a coordinate system or frame of reference that is only expected to function over...

In physics, length scale is a particular length or distance determined with the precision of at most a few orders of magnitude. The concept of length scale...

In string theory, an S-brane is a hypothetical and controversial counterpart of the D-brane, which is localized in time. Depending on the context the "S"...

The gram per cubic centimetre is a unit of density in the CGS system, and is commonly used in chemistry. It is defined by dividing the CGS unit of mass...

A Cherenkov detector (pronunciation: /tʃɛrɛnˈkɔv/; Russian: Черенко́в) is a particle detector using the speed threshold for light production, the speed-dependent...

Charm (symbol C) is a flavour quantum number representing the difference between the number of charm quarks ( c ) and charm antiquarks ( c ) that are present...

Environmental Research Letters is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, open-access, scientific journal covering research on all aspects of environmental science...